Yu Xiang’s PhD Committee: Dr. Gwo-Ching Wang, Chair Dr. Toh-Ming Lu, Co-Chair Dr. Humberto Terrones Dr. Jian Shi Abstract of the PhD Thesis: There has been an explosive growth in the study of two dimensional (2D) materials governed by van der Waals interaction in the last decade due to their novel electronic, electrical, optical, and magnetic properties that were not known or discovered in the past.